Obstacle Detector

Obstacle Detector

Description

An obstacle detector robot is a system which navigates with respect to an obstacle and a sensor subsystem having a defined relationship with respect to the obstacle and aimed for detecting the obstacle.

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Hardware

The sensor subsystem includes an infrared led which emits a directed beam having a defined field of emission and a infrared detector having a defined field of view which intersects the field of emission of the led at a region. A circuit (using BRiCS AVR kit) in communication with a detector redirects the robot to avoid obstacles. A similar system is employed to detect walls.

Software

The software for this project is written in Eclipse notepad. The AVR-GCC compiler has build in commands for reading out the ADC port of an AVR microcontroller. The result of IR sensors output is displayed on a LCD module.  Then we use an algorithm to comparing this sensors output and accordingly giving directions to detect obstacles.

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Source Code for Obstacle Detector

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Obstacle Detector

Obstacle Detector

Description

An obstacle detector robot is a system which navigates with respect to an obstacle and a sensor subsystem having a defined relationship with respect to the obstacle and aimed for detecting the obstacle.

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Hardware

The sensor subsystem includes an infrared led which emits a directed beam having a defined field of emission and a infrared detector having a defined field of view which intersects the field of emission of the led at a region. A circuit (using BRiCS AVR kit) in communication with a detector redirects the robot to avoid obstacles. A similar system is employed to detect walls.

Software

The software for this project is written in Eclipse notepad. The AVR-GCC compiler has build in commands for reading out the ADC port of an AVR microcontroller. The result of IR sensors output is displayed on a LCD module.  Then we use an algorithm to comparing this sensors output and accordingly giving directions to detect obstacles.

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Source Code for Obstacle Detector

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UART

UART communication

Description

An UART, universal asynchronous receiver / transmitter is responsible for performing the main task in serial communications with computers.A second UART can be used to receive the information. The UART performs all the tasks, timing, parity checking, etc. needed for the communication. The only extra devices attached are line driver chips (MAX 232)capable of transforming the TTL level signals to line voltages(RS 232) and vice versa.

Hardware

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals..

Software

The sample code for UART communication is written in Code Vision AVR.The controller  is programmed to transfer and receive the data at the baud rate of 9600.The controller used is ATMEGA 32. The datas transmitted by microcontroller can be viewed on hyper terminal or by using X-CTU software.The datas can be transmitted to controller by assemble packets in terminal tab.

UART

UART communication

Description

An UART, universal asynchronous receiver / transmitter is responsible for performing the main task in serial communications with computers.A second UART can be used to receive the information. The UART performs all the tasks, timing, parity checking, etc. needed for the communication. The only extra devices attached are line driver chips (MAX 232)capable of transforming the TTL level signals to line voltages(RS 232) and vice versa.

Hardware

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals..

Software

The sample code for UART communication is written in Code Vision AVR.The controller  is programmed to transfer and receive the data at the baud rate of 9600.The controller used is ATMEGA 32. The datas transmitted by microcontroller can be viewed on hyper terminal or by using X-CTU software.The datas can be transmitted to controller by assemble packets in terminal tab.

UART

UART communication

Description

An UART, universal asynchronous receiver / transmitter is responsible for performing the main task in serial communications with computers.A second UART can be used to receive the information. The UART performs all the tasks, timing, parity checking, etc. needed for the communication. The only extra devices attached are line driver chips (MAX 232)capable of transforming the TTL level signals to line voltages(RS 232) and vice versa.

Hardware

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals..

Software

The sample code for UART communication is written in Code Vision AVR.The controller  is programmed to transfer and receive the data at the baud rate of 9600.The controller used is ATMEGA 32. The datas transmitted by microcontroller can be viewed on hyper terminal or by using X-CTU software.The datas can be transmitted to controller by assemble packets in terminal tab.

Digital clock

Digital Clock

Description

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A Digital Clock is a type of clock that display the time digitally. Digital Clock have to contain a few basic components that any kind of clock needs to work. Digital Clock just use these elements in different way.

Hardware

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We use  Atmega8 microcontroller ,shift registor and RTC(real time clock). To represent the time, digital clock use seven segment LED,s. Digital alarm clock work off the repetitive electronic signal known as oscillation, so we use a 4MHz crystal oscillator.

Circuit Diagram of Digital Clock

Software

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The software for this project is written in Eclipse notepad. For programming we use some advance facilities in AVR known as timer and interrupt. We use internal interrupts for synchronising hour , minute and second.  We are also use some extra features like AM-PM and alarm .

Source Code for Digital Clock

Digital clock

Digital Clock

Description

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A Digital Clock is a type of clock that display the time digitally. Digital Clock have to contain a few basic components that any kind of clock needs to work. Digital Clock just use these elements in different way.

Hardware

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We use  Atmega8 microcontroller ,shift registor and RTC(real time clock). To represent the time, digital clock use seven segment LED,s. Digital alarm clock work off the repetitive electronic signal known as oscillation, so we use a 4MHz crystal oscillator.

Circuit Diagram of Digital Clock

Software

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The software for this project is written in Eclipse notepad. For programming we use some advance facilities in AVR known as timer and interrupt. We use internal interrupts for synchronising hour , minute and second.  We are also use some extra features like AM-PM and alarm .

Source Code for Digital Clock

LED display

LED Display

Description

The LM35 of National Semiconductors that is used in this project is a precision centigrade temperature sensor, which has an analog output voltage. It has a range of -55ºC to +150ºC and a accuracy of ±0.5ºC . The output voltage is 10mV/ºC . The output voltage is converted by the AD convertor of the AT Mega8. The temperature is displayed on an LCD module. In this example the thermometer has a range of 0ºC to 40ºC and a resolution of 0.5ºC. If you want to have a readout in Fahrenheit you can use the LM34.

Hardware

In the circuit the LM35 is connected to the ADC port of the ATMega8. The ATMega8 uses a crystal as an oscillator for the clock pulses. At PORTD of the ATM8 an 20x4 LCD display is hooked to display the temparature in a discrete value and in a analog bar.

Software

The software for this project is written in BASCOM AVR. The BASCOM AVR compiler has build in commands for reading out the ADC port of a AVR microcontroller. The result is displayed on a LCD module in a discrete value of the temperature and in a bar-graph. The AT Mega8 has a A/D converter which can give an output of 2¹⁰ = 1024 discrete values. When a 5V supply is used you have a resolution of 5000mV/1024 = 4.8mV. Because the LM35 has a output of 10mV/C the resolution of the thermometer is 10mV/4.8mV ~ 0.5ºC . The LCD module has 20 columns. In the scale of 0ºC to 40ºC every column represents 2ºC .

LED display

LED Display

Description

The LM35 of National Semiconductors that is used in this project is a precision centigrade temperature sensor, which has an analog output voltage. It has a range of -55ºC to +150ºC and a accuracy of ±0.5ºC . The output voltage is 10mV/ºC . The output voltage is converted by the AD convertor of the AT Mega8. The temperature is displayed on an LCD module. In this example the thermometer has a range of 0ºC to 40ºC and a resolution of 0.5ºC. If you want to have a readout in Fahrenheit you can use the LM34.

Hardware

In the circuit the LM35 is connected to the ADC port of the ATMega8. The ATMega8 uses a crystal as an oscillator for the clock pulses. At PORTD of the ATM8 an 20x4 LCD display is hooked to display the temparature in a discrete value and in a analog bar.

Software

The software for this project is written in BASCOM AVR. The BASCOM AVR compiler has build in commands for reading out the ADC port of a AVR microcontroller. The result is displayed on a LCD module in a discrete value of the temperature and in a bar-graph. The AT Mega8 has a A/D converter which can give an output of 2¹⁰ = 1024 discrete values. When a 5V supply is used you have a resolution of 5000mV/1024 = 4.8mV. Because the LM35 has a output of 10mV/C the resolution of the thermometer is 10mV/4.8mV ~ 0.5ºC . The LCD module has 20 columns. In the scale of 0ºC to 40ºC every column represents 2ºC .